The use of jumbo bags (FIBCs) to certain bulk cargoes presents distinct challenges.
As explained, jumbo bags, also known as Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs), are industrial containers designed for bulk materials. They typically hold 500 kg to 3,000 kg, come in various sizes and shapes, and are constructed from woven polypropylene with an inner polyethylene layer. FIBCs must comply with standards like ISO 21898, specifying details such as their maximum compressive load and safe stacking height to prevent overloading. Higher stacks experience greater acceleration forces during transport. If hazardous goods are involved, it should be checked if they are certified for such goods.
Key risks
- Cause uneven load distribution and reduced stack stability when bags deform or settle unevenly; bag rupture can destabilise the entire stow. Risk increases for Group A cargoes loaded above FMP.
- Shift during heavy weather if not properly shored or chocked, as bags move to fill voids; shifting on multiple decks can cause a severe list.
- Fail due to compromised bag integrity from rough handling or excessive top weight, leading to spillage, contamination, and product loss.
- Release toxic or flammable gases from certain chemical cargoes; many gases cannot be detected by standard 4-gas monitors (e.g., ferrosilicon may require detectors for hydrogen, phosphine, and arsine).
- Trap heat and increase fire risk when self-heating cargoes (e.g., copper concentrates) are bagged.
- Overload bottom bags and reduce stability by exceeding the FIBC stacking limit or ignoring the cargo’s compaction characteristics.
- Ignite from external sources like discarded cigarettes, which can set fire to bag packaging and release toxic fumes.
- React dangerously or contaminate other cargoes when incompatible or misdeclared chemicals are loaded together in the same hold.
- Misapply the regulatory code by using bags to avoid IMSBC requirements; in such cases, the IMDG Code applies, and a proper dangerous goods declaration is required.
Key recommendations
Pre-loading preparations
- Request cargo details and dangerous goods declaration: Start by asking shippers for detailed information about the cargo, specifically its shipping name (not just common trade names), to understand the risks. If it is a hazardous cargo under the IMDG Code, a dangerous goods declaration is essential.
- Obtain Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for bagged chemicals: For bagged chemicals, the shipper must provide the SDS. These documents are crucial for identifying any associated hazards, especially when multiple bagged chemicals are loaded into the same hold, to check for chemical incompatibilities.
- Cross-reference with IMSBC Code for bulk-hazardous cargoes: When shipping cargoes typically hazardous in bulk but are now in packages, it is suggested to consult the IMSBC Code for precautions and to be aware of any bulk-related hazards.
- Request evidence of packaging assessment: Ask shippers for evidence that they have assessed the cargo’s properties against the packaging’s strength and fill capacity. This ensures the packaging has sufficient tensile strength for the material’s weight, plus a safety factor.
Loading and stowage
- Follow cargo securing manuals and codes: Owners and the masters must ensure cargo is loaded in strict accordance with the vessel’s Cargo Securing Manual (CSM), the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (CSS Code), and the IMDG Code.
- Consider compartmentalization for stability: Compartmentalizing the stow into units is recommended. This can reduce forces that lead to destabilization while increasing the restraining forces, improving overall stability.
- Supervise stevedores and enforce safety protocols: To maintain safety, crew members should closely supervise stevedores. This includes enforcing no-smoking policies and ensuring proper enclosed space entry protocols are followed, especially if the cargo might emit hazardous gases.